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Ptolemaic Baris
The Ptolemaic Baris (also Ptolemaic Acra) was a citadel maintained by Ptolemaic Egypt during its rule of Jerusalem in the 3rd century BC. Described by only a few ancient sources, no archaeological remains of the citadel have been found and much about it remains a matter of conjecture.
== Persian origins? ==
After the conquest of Babylon by the Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great allowed the Jews to return to their native land and rebuild Jerusalem, sacked by Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC. While rebuilding the city's fortifications, the Persian administration also constructed a new citadel north of the Temple Mount enclosure, as part of a general Persian effort to bolster the empire's defences.〔Carter, C. E. 1999. The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period. Sheffield Academic Press.〕 This citadel is the ''Biryah'' (Hebrew: בירה) referred to in Nehemiah 2:8 and 7:2, appearing as the ''Baris'' in Greek translations of the Septuagint. The origin of the word is not entirely clear, but may have been borrowed into Hebrew from Assyrian ''birtu'' or ''bistu'' meaning a citadel or castle within a city, or a fort located at a strategic position outside a city. It may also derive from the Old Persian ''baru'', meaning 'fort'.〔Wightman G. J. 1991. Temple Fortresses in Jerusalem Part II: The Hasmonean Baris and Herodian Antonia. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israeli Archaeological Society 10, pp. 7–35.〕
Jerusalem was taken by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, in between his siege of Tyre and the conquest of Egypt. Jerusalem, however, was taken without a fight, and no account mentions the Persian citadel at this time. It may have been dismantled in the two centuries since its construction, but may have also fallen into Macedonian hands intact.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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